A catalog of the fishes of the island of Formosa, or Taiwan : based on the collections of Dr. Hans Sauter

MEMOIRS

OF THE

CABKEGIE MUSEUM.

VOL. IV. NO. 4

A CATALOG OF THE FISHES OF THE ISLAND OF FORMOSA, OR
TAIWAN, BASED ON THE COLLECTIONS OF DR.
HANS SALTER.

By David Starr Jordan and Robert Earl Richardson.

In the year 1906 a large collection of the market-fishes of the island of For-
mosa was made by Dr. Hans Sauter. These were sent to the writers for identifica-
tion, and were at our suggestion purchased by the Carnegie Museum, in which they
are now preserved. A number of duplicates have been presented to the Museum of
Stanford University in California.

This collection was obtained in the port of Takao, or Takow, on the south-
western coast of the island of Formosa, called in Japanese Taiwan. It is in excel-
lent condition, and gives a good representation of the market-fishes of Formosa.

For the sake of completeness we have included in this list the fishes recorded
by Jordan and Evermann in a paper entitled " Notes on a Collection of Fishes
from the Island of Formosa" (Proceedings U. S. National Museum, Vol. XXV,
1902, pp. 315-368), and also the species recorded by Giinther, Regan, and others,
which are preserved in the British Museum.

We desire to acknowledge the courtesy of the authorities of the United States
National Museum, who have permitted us herewith to reproduce the figures of
those species, which were given in the paper referred to above. The plates accom-
panying this article were drawn by Mr. William Sackston Atkinson.
The following species are here described as new to science :
Prisliurus sauteri, Scolopsis eriom/ma,

Raja holkmdi, Pseiidotolithu* brurmeolus,

L&ptocephalus ectenurus, Hemiptcronotus evides,

Ophichthus evermanni, Glossogobiux abacoptos,

Gymnotho rax leucost igma.
159

160 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

As noticed by Jordan and Evermann, the fauna of Taiwan bears close relation
to that of Southern China, and also to that of Southern Japan. In the main, how-
ever, the fauna is tropical, a large proportion of the species being found in India
and the Philippines. The coral-reef species of Formosa are still unknown, except
as recorded from the Riu Kiu Islands, which lie to the northward. . Few of the
species of Central Japan extend their range southward to Taiwan.

Family SCYLLIORHINID.E.

1. Cephaloscyllium umbratile Jordan & Fowler.

One specimen from Takao, measuring two feet to end of tail.

2. Pristiurus sauteri sp. nov. (Plate LXI1I, Fig. 1.)

Body not so slender as that of Pristiurus eastmani of .Japan ; head measured to
first gill-opening 6 in total length ; depth equal to half distance between tip of
snout and fourth gill-opening ; snout 21 in head ; front and back edge of each nos-
tril with a pointed flap ; these crossing and closing the nostril at middle ; entire
width of one nostril equal to the internarial space and almost exactly twice the
distance of the inner angle of nostril from mouth ; width of mouth slightly greater
than length of snout and about equal to interorbital space ; teeth each with a
median long cusp, on either side of which is a cusp of about half its length ; each
short cusp may or may not have at its base one or two rudimentary cusps ; roof of
mouth and tip of tongue with minute prickles ; spiracles directly behind eye and
distant slightly less than their diameter from it ; distance from first to fifth gill-
opening equal to distance from spiracle to first opening.

Scales minute, each with a strong central cusp, on each side of which is a rudi-
ment, and with an evident median keel ; upper edge of tail with a low keel being-
ning a little less than two eye-lengths behind second dorsal and extending backward
to merge into upper lobe of caudal fin ; this keel armed on each side with a row of
enlarged scales, between which are four rows of ordinary scales.

First dorsal originating over back of base of ventrals, its base reaching nearly
an eye-length farther back than base of ventrals ; origin of second dorsal a little
behind middle of base of anal ; second dorsal only a little, but distinctly, smaller
than first ; free edges of both dorsals nearly straight ; caudal with a shallow notch
on under side near tip ; width of ventral base equal to distance in front of eye to
middle of spiracle ; inner distance between bases of pectorals equal to length of eye ;
free margin of pectorals straight or slightly concave ; tip of anal a little short of a
vertical from tip of second dorsal.

JORDAN AND RICHARDSON : FISHES OF THE ISLAND OF FORMOSA 161

Color uniform brownish on back and upper part of sides, paler below ; first and
second dorsals black on upper anterior half, white on posterior third ; upper lobe
of caudal with a broad blackish margin ; pectorals dark brownish anteriorly above,
whitish behind and on free margin ; ventrals and anal with rather indistinct pale
margins.

Six specimens, twelve to fourteen inches long, from Takao. The species is
apparently close to Parmalurus pilosus Garman from Japan, but it seems to differ
from the latter in the insertion of the first dorsal and in the coloration of the fins.

We agree with Regan that Parmaturus is not recognizably distinct from the
European genus Pristiurus.

Family OREC7fOLOBII),F.

3. Chiloscyllium indicum (Gmelin).

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Fig. 1. Chiloscyllium indicum (Gmelin). (After Jordan & Evermann, Free. U. S. N. M , Vol. 25, p. 317.)

4. Orectolobus japonicus Regan.

Formosa (Regan).

Family CARCHARIIDiE.

5. Scoliodon walbeehmi (Bleeker). (Plate LXIII, fig. 2.)

(Native name Soo hit, = "sandfish.")

One specimen from Takao, thirty-five inches long to end of tail. Another
specimen, eleven inches long, and figured by us, may represent a different species,
having the mouth characters of S. walbeehmi, but the tail much longer. Its descrip-
tion follows :

Head 5 times in total length ; depth 5 in length to base of ventrals ; eye 2f in
interorbital space, which is contained 2^ in head (to first gill-opening) ; length of
snout from front margin of mouth equal to distance from back of orbit to second
gill-opening; a short labial groove, equal to width of nostril, on upper jaw ; lower

162 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

jaw with a groove a little more than half that length ; distance between nostrils a
little more than half interorbital space and less than twice eye ; teeth not yet appear-
ing through tbe gums ; scales apparently as usual in Scoliodon, but little developed
in tbe specimen, the body being smooth in places when rubbed forward with
finger ; base of first dorsal equal to distance from eye to first gill-opening, its
middle almost exactly half-way between ventrals and last gill-opening ; second
dorsal inserted over back of anal ; caudal noticeably longer than in specimens
of S. walbeehmi of the same size, the distance from the pit to the notch on under
side near tip equal to length of head to second gill-opening; posterior margin of
pectoral slightly concave ; color bluish-olive above, pale below ; free margin of first
dorsal and upper and lower edge of caudal black.

The above description is based on a single young specimen, eleven inches long
apparently very recently a foetus (see figure), from Takoa. Except for the smoother
body, absence of teeth and longer tail (all fcetal characters?) the specimen does not
seem to differ from specimens of Scoliodon walbeehmi from Manila of the same size.
One specimen of S. walbeehmi from Manila one-fourth inch shorter in total length has
the scales evident over whole body and fins, the teeth well through, and the umbilical
scar absorbed. If our specimen is a recent foetus of this species, as it may be, it is
then necessary to assume either that it is somewhat overgrown for its age, or that a
marked shortening up of both body and tail occurs at about the time the teeth
appear and the scales attain their full development.

0. Triakis scyllium Muller & Henle.
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

7. Galeus japonicus Muller & Henle.

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Family SPHYRNID^E.

8. Sphyrna zygsena (Linnaeus).

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Family ALOPIID/E.

9. Alopias vulpes (Gmelin).

Two specimens from Takao, ten and one-half inches to base of lower caudal
lobe ; twelve inches to tip of tail.

Family SQUALIDjE.

10. Squalus japonicus Ishikawa, (?).

A fcetjas from Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

JORDAN AND RICHARDSON I FISHES OF THE ISLAND OF FORMOSA 163

Family RHINOBATIP.F.
11. Rhinobatus schlegeli Mi'iller & Henle.
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Family RAJID.E.
V2. Raja hollandi sp. nov. (Plate LXIV.)

Interorbital space 3-f in distance from eye to tip of snout ; width of mouth 1 f ;
length of first dorsal 1$ times, caudal (upper lobe) 1^ times interorbital space;
length of eye nearly equal to interorbital space.

Body rhomboid, broad, the width of the disk one-fourth greater than its length;
bead not large and snout not much produced, though ending in a small point ;
anterior margin of disk full (slightly convex) in front of and lateral to eyes, weakly
concave in outer half; distance between eye and margin of disk twice interorbital
space; mouth scarcely undulate, the angle made by meeting lower jaws about 75°-
80° ; teeth small, rounded, about forty-five rows in upper jaw : nostrils large, sepa-
rated a distance about equal to width of mouth, their length (antero-posterior) about
one-half width of mouth, with which nostrils are confluent ; posterior margin of
nasal flaps fringed ; interorbital space concave ; a supraorbital semi-circlet of eight
or ten short spines, directed backward ; spiracles a little wider than half length
of eye, directly posterior to eye's outer half; width of gill-opening about 1\ in length
of eye; body and head smooth except for the supraorbital spines and a single median
dorsal spine a little farther behind eyes than their distance apart ; back and sides
of tail with five rows of short backwardly directed spines; under edges of snout, to
a point even with outermost gill-opening, beset with numerous minute spines.

Dorsals separated a distance \\ times length of base of first dorsal ; second
dorsal separated from caudal a distance three-fifths length of base of first dorsal ;
total length of tail from axilla of ventrals equal to seven-tenths width of disk;
angle of pectorals falling a little in front of midway of length of disk ; ventrals
deeply notched, distance from ventral notch to posterior tip of ventral about four
times in length of tail.

Color in spirits brown above, lighter bluish to greenish beneath ; back and all
upper surface except tail and snout densely covered with small black specks about
the size of coffee grains; snout translucent, its upper surface appearing whitish in
reflected light ; the numerous mucus pores of under side of snout and sides of mouth
each surrounded by a circle of black ; tail brownish above (perhaps faintly mottled),
paler with some dusky underneath.

164 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Described from a single specimen, female, from Takao ; length of disk eight and
one-fourth inches, width ten inches, tail seven inches. It is named for Dr. William
J. Holland, Director of the Carnegie Museum.

Family DASYATID.E.

13. Dasyatis bennetti (Midler & Henle) (?). (Plate LXV.)

(Tryyon camea Richardson, Ichth. Chin., 197, foetus.)

One specimen from Takao with disk fourteen inches long and thirteen inches
wide, and tail thirty-one inches long, we refer provisionally to this species, which
was described from Hong Kong. Front margins of pectorals converging at an angle
of 65° ; sides of the short tip of snout meeting at nearly a right angle ; tail with a
low black cutaneous fold on under side, originating under the serrated spine and
extending backward a distance three times interorbital space ; a very short fold on
top of tail extending back of refiexed spine a distance equal to interorbital space;
top of tail for remainder of its length roughened by minute spine-like tubercles ; a
median dorsal row of short but strong spines originating behind gill-cavity and
reaching to base of serrated tail-spine ; many small tubercles on either side of this
row anteriorly; width of mouth contained two and one-half times in space between
anterior gill-openings; margin of nasal flap with a short fringe; color uniform
blackish above, pale below ; tail without bands. The tail is shorter than in Dasyatis
bennetti and the armature somewhat different. It is questionable whether this
identification is correct and the species may be undescribed.

Fig. 2. Dasyatis akajei (Schlegel). (After Jordan and Evermann, Proo. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 319.)

JORDAN AND RICHARDSON: FISHES OF THE ISLAND OF FORMOSA 165

14. Dasyatis akajei (Schlegel).

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Family ELOPID.E.

15. Elops hawaiiensis Regan. (Plate LXVI, upper figure.)

Depth 6.8 ; head 4.2 ; snout a litte longer than eye, the transverse diameter of
which is 3 in maxillary; interorbital width (measured on skull) a little over
5 in head ; maxillary extending beyond eye, more than one-half length of head ;
lower jaw shutting inside upper (tip slightly projecting), so that the whole of the
premaxillary band of teeth is exposed when the mouth is closed ; length of gular
plate two-thirds that of lower jaw ; twenty-seven branchiostegals ; thirteen gill-
rakers on lower limb of anterior arch ; ninety-seven scales in a longitudinal series
from gill-opening to the base of the caudal ; dorsal twenty-three, with nineteen
branched rays; anal fifteen, with twelve branched rays; pectoral one-half width of
pupil, more than one-half length of head, extending three-sevenths of the distance
from its insertion to the front of the ventrals ; origin of the ventrals slightly nearer
the base of the caudal than the end of the snout ; caudal peduncle scarcely com-
pressed anteriorly, its width over the tip of the anal scarcely less than its depth;
least depth of caudal peduncle 3h in head, least width 6.

One specimen thirty-six inches and one twelve inches long were received from
Takao. The larger specimen seems to agree well with one thirty-four inches long
recorded by Evermann and Seale (1906) from the Philippines, measurements of
which have been furnished by Dr. Evermann. Specimens in the museum of Stan-
ford University from Honolulu and Manila seem also to belong to this species,
though none of these is over fourteen inches in length. In specimens of that size
and under the body is notably less slender and the caudal peduncle much more
compressed than in the adult specimen here recorded from Formosa.

This species is recorded by Jordan & Evermann from Suwata, Formosa, as
Elops inxachiata, which is the species of the Red Sea.

Family MEGALOPID/E.

15. Megalops cyprinoides ( Broussonet).
Giran, Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Family CHIROCENTRID.E.

16. Chirocentrus dorab (Forakal).

(Native name Sai do).

One specimen twenty-two inches and two sixteen inches long from Takao.

166 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Family CHANID.F,

17. Chanos chanos (Forskal).

Giran, Taihoku, and Toii (Jordan & Evermann).

Family CLUPEID.E.

18. Sardinella toli (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Five specimens three to four inches long from Takao. Kotosho (Jordan &
Evermann). The genus Sardinella is identical with Harengula and probably also
with Kowala. The Sardines and Pilchards should stand as Amblygaster Bleeker,
a name earlier than that of Sardinia Poey.

19. Amblygaster maculatum (Richardson).
Giran (Jordan & Evermann).

20. Amblygaster immaculatum (Kishinouye).

Seven specimens, four and one-half inches long from Takao, Formosa.

Dorsal 16 or 17; anal 16; scales 44; head 3.6 in length without caudal, a
pupil's width more than greatest depth of body ; depth 4.3 in length ; body com-
pressed, greatest width nearly 2 in depth ; eye 3 in head, equal to snout without
adipose eyelid ; lower jaw slightly projecting when mouth is closed ; maxillary 2
in head, not quite reaching middle of eye ; small teeth in front of lower jaw ; vomer,
tongue and palatines smooth ; origin of dorsal nearer snout than base of caudal ; ven-
trals inserted in front of middle of dorsal ; gill-rakers fine, length two-thirds of eye ;
scales deciduous, posterior edges smooth or broadly sinuate, some with evident stria?.

Color silvery below, bluish black above; upper and lower jaw tipped with
blackish ; a narrow median frontal line of blackish from above pupil to even with
nostrils.

This is probably identical with Chipea immaculata described by Kishinouye
from the Riu Kiu Islands.

21. Ilisha elongata Bennett.

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

22. Dussumieria elopsoides (Bleeker).
Kotosho (Jordan & Evermann).

Family ENGRAULID.E.

23. Anchovia hamiltoni ( < Jray).

(Native name Poe koe.)

Four specimens three to four inches long from Takao.

JORDAN AND RICHARDSON I FISHES OF THE ISI,AND OP FORMOSA 1G7

24. Anchovia indica (Van Hasselt).

(Native name Gang a hii; Jan a.)

Three specimens four inches long from Takao.

25. Anchovia koreana (Kishinouye).

(Native name Un ma.)

One specimen four inches long from Takao. Dorsal 12; anal 30 ; lower jaw

very short.

Family DOROSOMIDjE.

2G. Konosirus thrissa (Osbeck) = Dorosoma nasus (Block).
(Native name Beng pian.)
Four specimens seven and one-half inches long from Takao.

Family SALMONID.E.
27. Plecoglossus altivelis Temminck & Schlegel.

Taihoku (Jordan & Evermann).

Fig. 3. Plecoglossus aWvelie Tern. & Sclil. (After Jordan & Eveimann, Iioc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 328.)

Family SALANGiD.E.

28. Parasalanx acuticeps (Regan).

Lake Candidius,- Formosa (Regan).

Family SYNODONTIIXE.

29. Trachinocephalus myops (Forster).

(Native name Gau bu.)

Seven specimens five to six and one-half inches long from Takao. We have
not yet separated the Japanese Trachinocephalus I radii mis from T. myops of the
Atlantic.

168 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

30. Saurida gracilis (Quoy & Gaimard).

(Native name Soa tngaJi.)

Six specimens three to eight inches long from Takao.

31. Saurida argyrophanes (Richardson).

(Native name Gau bu.)

Three specimens twelve inches long from Takao. Adipose eyelid thick and
broad, as much so as in the figure of Saurida eso of Jordan & Herre.

32. Saurida tumbil (< luvier) ?

A single specimen from Takao, six and one-half inches long, is referred with
doubt to this species. Scales 61 ; cross bands not evident on back ; adipose eyelid
narrow.

Family PLOTOSID.E.

33. Plotosus anguillaris (Bloch).

Five specimens from Takao, six to eight inches long. Giran (Jordan & Ever-
mann).

Family SILURID.E.

34. Parasilurus asotus (Linnaeus).

Taihoku (Jordan tt Evermann).

Fig. 4. Parasilurus asolus (Linnaeus). (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 320.)

35. Tachysurus sinensis Lac6pMe.
Suwata (Jordan & Evermann).

36. Tachysurus falcarius Richardson.
Suwata (Jordan & Evermann).

37. Liobagrus formosanus Regan.

Lake Candidius (Regan).

Family CLAR1ID/E.

38. Clarias fuscus (Lacepede).
(Native name tan or taro sat).

One specimen from Takao, seven inches lon°\
Taihoku (Jordan & Evermann).

JORDAN AND RICHARDSON: FISHES OF THE ISLAND OF FORMOSA 169

Kio. 5. Clarias fuscva (I.aci'pCde). (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 321.)

Family COBITID/E.

39. Misgurnus decemcirrosus (Basilewsky).

Three specimens from Formosa, Tan Sin River at Taihoku (Jordan & Ever-
mann). Scales 121 ; depth 6.7 in length ; longest barbel 2 in head. This is a fish
with a deeper, less pointed head, and paler color than M. anguillicaudatus.

Family OYPRINIDyE.

40. Carassius auratus (Linnaeus).

Four specimens from Takao.

41. Cyprinus carpio Linnseus.

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

42. Gymnostomus labiatus Regan.
Lake Candidius (Regan).

43. Rohita decora (Peters).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

44. Candidia (gen. nov.) barbata (Regan) = Opsariickthys barbatus Regan.
From Lake Candidius (Regan).

This species, differing from Opsariickthys, by the presence of barbels, must be
regarded as the type of a distinct genus, Candidia.

45. Ctenopharyngodon idellus (Cuvier c£ Valenciennes).
Taihoku (Jordan & Evermann).

46. Hemibarbus barbus (Temnrinck & Schlegel, G(inther).

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

47. Culter brevicauda Gunther.

Formosa (Gunther, Jordan & Evermann).

48. Cirrhina sp.

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

170

MEMOIRS OF THE CAKNEGIE MUSEUM

49. Pararasbora maltrechti Regan.

Lake Candidius, Formosa (Regan).

50. Zacco pachycephalus (Gunther).
Suwata, Taihoku (Jordan & Evermann).

51. Zacco evolans Jordan & Evermann.

Tan Sin River, Taihoku (Jordan & Evermann;

Fig. 6. Zncco evolans J. & E. (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 323.)

52. Acheilognathus mesembrinum Jordan & Evermann.
Kotosho (Jordan & Evermann).

Fig. 7. Acheilognathus mesembrinum J. & E. (After Jordan & Evermann, Troc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 324.)

53. Dillonia sp.

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann').

JORDAN AND RICHARDSON: FISHES OF THE ISLAND OF FORMOSA 171

Family MONOPTERID.K.

54. Monopterus albus Zuieuw.
Hokoto (Jordan & Evermann).

Family ANGUILLID.E.

5r>. Anguilla sinensis McClelland.

Seven specimens, thirteen to sixteen inches long, from Takao. Taihoku (Jor-
dan & Evermann).

56. Anguilla manilensis (Bleeker).

Kotosho, Jordan & Evermann.

57. Anguilla mauritiana Bennett.

Kotosho, Jordan & Evermann.

58. Anguilla remifera Jordan & Evermann.

Hokoto (Jordan & Evermann).

Fig. 8. Anguilla remifera J. & E. (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 325.)

Family LEPTOCEPHALI 1 )M.

59. Leptocephalus anagoides ( Bleeker).

(Native name Tsoan.)

Eleven specimens from Takao six to eleven inches long. This species seems to
differ clearly, though slightly, from LeptocepUlus (Gongrellus) anago (Schlegel) in
the more anterior insertion of the dorsal (in front of base of pectoral), darker color
about head, especially on under side, broader black margin on dorsal and anal, and
reduction in size, or absence, of the white tip of the tail.

60. Leptocephalus ectenurus sp. nov. (Plate LXVI, lower figure.)

Head 1.25 to 1.3 in trunk; head and trunk 1.9 to 2.12 in total length; tail

172 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

tapering rapidly, becoming very slender toward tip, much as in Uroconger lepturus;
head notably large, occipital region elevated; snout long, 1.5 times eye, 3.75 in
head, projecting beyond lower jaw a distance equal to two-tbirds of eye; eye 5.3 in
head ; anterior and posterior nostrils with low raised flaps ; cleft of mouth reaching
to middle of eye ; teeth in jaws all pointed, closely set in broad bands in both jaws;
vomerine patch subtriangular, rounded anteriorly ; a few scattered, pointed teeth
slightly longer than tbe rest in the front portion ; the posterior (vomerine) teeth
short and blunt ; circular part of patch of teeth on vomer exposed when mouth is
closed ; tongue free ; pectoral 3.3 in head ; dorsal beginning over gill-opening, dis-
tinctly in front (one-half width of pupil) of pectoral ; thirty-one pores before vent.

Color in spirits light olive brown, paler below ; top and sides of head more
heavily punctulated with dusky ; dorsal and anal black edged, the whole of both
fins tending to blackish on last third or half of tail ; pectorals plain ; tip of tail
black.

Described from two excellent specimens eighteen and nineteen inches long
from Takao.

This species seems to bridge the rather slight distinction heretofore made
between Leptoccphalus and Cowgrellus, having the long tail of the former and the
anteriorly inserted dorsal of the latter.

We may note that Myrophis (Gnaihophis) heterognathus (Bleeker) seems to be a
young specimen of Leptoccphalus nystromi Jordan and Fowler, both species being
described from Nagasaki. The species should stand as Leptocepliahis heterognathus.

Family OPHTCHTHYID.E.

61. Ophichthus evermanni sp. nov. (Plate LXVH upper figure.)

Two specimens from Takao, seventeen and twenty-one inches long, seem to
agree fairly well with the "variety" Ophichthus cephalozona recorded by Dr.
( h'inther from Japan (Catalog of Fishes in the British Museum, Vol. VIII, p. 70),
having the body very distinctly marked with numerous blotches resembling cross-
bands. The nuchal band is scarcely less distinct than in the figure by Dr. Bleeker.
The dorsal of one specimen shows no distinct white edge, while in the other (nine-
teen inches long) the white margin shows plainly. In both specimens the dorsal
partakes more or less of the mottled coloration of the body. The pectoral is 3-| or
4 in bead ; the dorsal begins in front of the posterior fourth of the refiexed pectoral.

This species is recorded as Ophichthus cephalozona from Hokoto, by Jordan &
Evermann.

62. Pisobdonophis boro (Hamilton Buchanan).

Toii (Jordan & Evermann).

.IOKDAN AND RICHARDSON: FISHES OF THE ISLAND OF POBMOSA 173

Family MUR^ENIDyE.

63. Echidna polyzona ( Richardson).

One specimen eighteen and one-half inches long from Takao.

64. Gymnothorax reticularis Bloch.

Five specimens ten to fourteen inches long from Takao.

65. Gymnothorax pescadoris Jordan & Evermann.
Pescadores Islands (Hokoto) (Jordan & Evermann).

ja^fa^^auaaa

Fig. 9. Gymnothorax pescadoris J & E. (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 326.)

66. Gymnothorax fimbriatus (Bennett).

(Munv.aophis stellatus Lacepede?; Gymnothorax isingleenoides Bleeker.)
One specimen from Takao, twelve and one-half inches long, agreeing in all
respects with Bleeker's description and figure (of young) of G. isingleenoides. The
specimen agrees very well also with examples from Samoa, recorded by Jordan &
Seale as G. stellatus (Lacepede) and with a single young specimen from Sumatra
received from Mr. H. W. Fowler. It may be that the name stellatus should stand
in place of fimbriatus. Mursena bullata Richardson, figured by Bleeker, seems to be
distinct.

67. Gymnothorax flavomarginatus (Ruppell).

One specimen from Takao twenty-two inches long.

68. Gymnothorax pseudothyrsoideus (Bleeker). (Perhaps not of Day)

A large specimen two feet in length from Takao, appears to agree in all essential
respects with Bleeker's figure and description. The dorsal begins half way between
the gill-opening and the back of the orbit ; the ground color is rather dark brown,
finely reticulated, or marbled everywhere with lighter, and is scarcely paler on the
chin and the belly than on the upper parts; there is no black about the gill-opening,
and no light border to the fins except at the tip of the tail. The species is near

174 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Gymnothorax philippinus Jordan & Seale, but seems to have a heavier body, less
pointed tail, and darker chin and belly. The markings on the sides of the tail are
obscured in the specimen.

69. Gymnothorax melanospilos (Bleeker). (Plate LXVII, lower figure.)

Head 6.9 in total length, 2.5 in trunk; head and trunk equal in length to tail ;
depth 2 in head; snout 5.75 in head, much compressed, its width in front of eyes
hardly more than one-third width of head ; eye small, 12 in head, 2 in snout.

Body rather slender, the tail tapering but the tip rounded rather than pointed ;
mouth large, the eye midway between its angle and tip of snout ; teeth in single
series; two depressible canines in upper jaw ; gill-opening a little longer than eye ;
dorsal inserted half way between gill-opening and eye, its height apparently a little
less than half the depth of the body; anal low.

Ground color in spirits light purplish brown, considerably paler on chin and
fore part of belly ; body and fins everywhere covered with roundish or elongate
(when double) black spots, as a rule a little larger than eye, and when confluent or
double oftenest arranged longitudinally ; there are evident on the tail three more
or less distinct longitudinal rows of the larger spots, and a row of smaller ones along
the base of the anal ; the spots on the trunk and head are not in distinct rows,
though about four or five rows might be surmised as the basis of the pattern ; the
spots on chin, cheeks, and snout are distinct, but smaller and more irregular in form
than those on the hinder part of the head and on the tail and body ; on the neck
underneath the gill-opening are about five narrow blackish longitudinal streaks,
coinciding with cuticular creases ; the dorsal has a basal and a marginal row of
spots like those of the body, while the anal has one row of such spots ; the edge of
both dorsal and anal is pale between the black spots, but there is not a continuous
pale edge, except at tip. (Dr. Giinther, who had Bleeker's type, says G. melanospilos
has fins with a narrow whitish edge.)

This species seems scarcely different from Gymnothorax pescadoris Jordan &
Evermann, except in coloration (spots on head and tail larger). The width of the
snout is not stated in the original description of that species. The very much com-
pressed snout of our specimen (agreeing with Giinther's statement about G. melano-
spilos) is very striking.

70. Gymnothorax leucostigma sp. nov. (Plate LXVIII.)

Head 6.6 in length, 2.05 in trunk, 3.6 in tail ; tail about % head's length longer
than head and trunk ; depth 1.7 in head ; snout 5.5 ; eye 11.5.

Body rather heavy and short, tail pointed ; occipital region elevated, the de-

JORDAN AND RICHARDSON ', PISHES OF THE ISLAND OF FORMOSA 175

scent steep to eye ; snout compressed laterally to scarcely more than the width of
the interorhital space, which is 3 in width of head ; mouth large, the eye heing
midway between its angle and tip of snout ; teeth in single series in jaws ; no de-
pressible canines or other teeth on vomer; gill-opening about diameter of eye ;
dorsal inserted in front of gill-opening one-third distance from it to front of eye ;
height of dorsal more than one-third depth of body ; height of anal about equal
to eye.

Ground color reddish brown ; head, body, tail, and fins covered with large
roundish pale spots, usually larger but sometimes smaller than eye ; the spots are
plainer and in three to four fairly definite rows on tail, and there are four to five
indefinite rows on body ; the spots on sides and top of head are numerous, but much
smaller than the large ones on body ; chin, breast, and belly apparently without
spots and not much paler than the upper ground color ; some blackish about gill-
opening, in the thoracic creases, and at angle of mouth ; dorsal with two rows of
pale spots, anal with one row ; margin of dorsal blackish between pale spots.

One specimen 31 inches long from Takao.

71. Evenchelys macrurus (Bleeker).

One specimen forty-three inches long from Takao ; Kotosho (Jordan & Ever-

mann).

Family BELONIDiE.

72. Tylosurus caudimaculatus (Cuvier).

One specimen twelve inches long from Takao.

73. Tylosurus coromandelicus (Van Hasselt).
(Native name 0 Ian.)

Two specimens, one twenty inches, and the other sixteen inches long, from Takao.

74. Tylosurus schismatorhynchus (Bleeker).
(Native name 0 Ian.)

One specimen twenty inches long from Takao.

75. Tylosurus leiurus (Bleeker).

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

76. Tylosurus melanostigma (Cuvier <fe Valenciennes).

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Family HEMIRAMPHID^.

77. Hemiramphus far (Forskal).

Two specimens, respectively ten and twelve inches long, from Takao. Formosa
(Jordan & Evermann).

176 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

78. Hemiramphus melanurus < Juvier & Valenciennes.

Fifteen specimens three to five inches long from Takao.

79. Hemiramphus georgii < luvier & Valenciennes.

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

80. Euleptorhamphus longirostris (Cuvier).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Family EXOCCETIDvE.

81. Cypsilurus spilonotopterus (Bleeker).

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Family FISTULARIID/E.

82. Fistularia petimba (Lacep&de).

Four specimens five to fifteen inches long from Takao. Formosa (Jordan &

Evermann).

Family MUGILID/E.

83. Mugil ceur Forskal.

Keerun ; Taihoku (Jordan & Evermann).

84. Liza troscheli (Bleeker).

One specimen six inches long from Takao. Hokoto (Jordan & Evermann).

Family SPHYR/ENIDyE.

85. Sphyrsena jello ( Juvier & Valenciennes.

(Native name Soh ah.)

Two specimens ten inches long from Takao. Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

86. Sphyrsena langsar Bleeker.

Two specimens twelve inches long from Takao.

87. Sphyrsena japonica Temminck & Schlegel.

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

88. Sphyrsena forsteri (Cuvier|<fc Valenciennes).

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Family ATHERINIDyE.

89. Atherina bleekeri Giinther.

Four specimens three inches long from Takao.

Family POLYNEMID/E.

90. Polydactylus plebeius (Broussonet).

Four specimens three to ten inches long from Takao. Scales 63 to 65 ; pec-
toral filaments 5.

JORDAN AND RICHARDSON : FISHES OF THE ISLAND OF FORMOSA 177

91. Polydactylus zophomus Jordan & McGregor.

Kotosho (Jordan & Evermann) (as P. plebeius).

92. Eleutheronema tetradactylum (Shaw). (Polydactylus rhadinw Jordan it

Evermann.

Fig. 10. Eleutheronema telrailaclylum (Shaw). (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25. p.351.)

Two specimens, respectively ten and twelve inches long, from Takao. De-
scribed from Formosa by Jordan & Evermann as Pol //dactyl us rhadinus. Our speci-
mens agree fairly well with the published figure of Jordan & Evermann.

The genus Eleutheronema Bleeker may perhaps be retained as defined by the
absence of the air-bladder. This is present in Polydactylus.

Family HOLOCENTRIDjE.

93. Ostichthys japonicus (< Juvier & Valenciennes).

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Family SCOMBRID.E.

94. Scomber japonicus Houttuyn.
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

95. Rastrelliger kanagurta (Russell).

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

96. Euthynnus alleteratus (Rafinesque).

Three specimens ten inches long from Takao. Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).
The genus Euthynnus Lutken should apparently be separated from Gymnosarda
(inula). The latter has the corselet scaleless, covered by wrinkled skin (Riippell).

97. Scomberomorus commersoni (Lacepede).
(Native name To to.)

One specimen twenty-one inches long from Takao.

98. Scomberomorus guttatus (Bloch & Schneider).
(Native name Be lea.)

178 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

One specimen twenty inches long from Takao.

99. Scomberomorus kuhlii (< Juvier & Valenciennes).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Family CARANGIDiE.

100. Scomberoides sancti-petri (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
(Native name Shi chang ah.)

Three specimens from Takao, four to eight inches long.

101. Scomberoides tol (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Five specimens from Takao, ten inches long. Giran (Jordan & Evermann, as
S. oricntalis).

102. Megalaspis cordyla (Linnaeus).
(Native name Tin gha.)

Two specimens from Takao, fourteen inches long. Formosa (Jordan & Ever-
mann).

103. Decapterus muroadsi (Temminck & Schlegel).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

104. Decapterus macrosomus (Bleeker).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

105. Trachurops crumenophthalma (Bloch).
(Native name Ba king.)

One specimen from Takao, nine inches long. Formosa ; Giran (Jordan &
Evermann, as T. form).

106. Caranx leptolepis Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

107. Caranx malabaricus (Schneider).
Keerun (Jordan Evermann).

108. Caranx jarra Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

109. Caranx affinis Riippell.

One specimen from Takao, eleven inches long.

110. Caranx djeddaba (Forskal).

One specimen from Takao, eleven and one-half inches long.

111. Caranx sexfasciatus (Quoy & Gaimard).
(Native name Amba Koi/o = " red eye.")

Two specimens from Takao, one eight and one-half inches, and another fourteen
inches long.

JORDAN AND RICHARDSON ". FISHES OF T1IK ISLAND OK FORMOSA

179

112. Caranx forsteri Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann, as C. sexfasciatus).

113. Caranx ignobilis (Forskal).
(Native name Go yan.)

One specimen from Takao, six inches long.

114. Caranx speciosus (Forskal).

One specimen from Takao, twelve inches long.

115. Caranx plumbeus (Quoy <fe Gaimard).
(Native name Go yen.)

Three specimens from Takao, eight to ten inches long.

116. Caranx rastrosus Jordan A Snyder. (Plate LI.)
(Caranx plumbeus Jordan & Seale, Cavite, P. I.)
(Native name Go yen.)

One example, thirteen and one-half inches long, the type, from Takao.

117. Caranx formosanus Jordan & Snyder. (Plate LII.)
(Native name Go yan.)

One specimen, the type, eleven and one-half inches in length, from Takao.
Formosa (Jordan <fe Evermann, as G. armatus).

118. Ulua richardsoni Jordan & Snyder. (Plate LIU.)

One large specimen eighteen inches long, type of the species, and one cotype,
eight inches long, from Takao.

119. Apolectus niger (Bloch).
One specimen from Takao.

Fig. 11. Apolectus niger (Bloch). (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 339.)

180 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

120. Trachinotus bailloni (Lacepede).

Three examples from Takao, three to thirteen inches long.

121. Trachinotus russelli Cuvier & Valenciennes.
One specimen from Takao, fifteen inches long.

122. Trachinotus ovatus (Linnaeus).

One large specimen, twenty-seven inches long, from Takao.

123. Alectis major (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Two fine specimens, seven and ten inches long, from Takao. This is identical
with Zeus gallus Bloch, not of Linnteus, and with Scyris indica Riippell. It seems
to be distinct from Alectis eiliaris.

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann, as A. cilia ris).

Family MENID/E.

124. Mene maculata (Bloch).

Five specimens from Takao, four inches long.

Family RACHYCENTRID.E.

125. Rachycentron canadum (Linnaeus).

Three specimens, sixteen to twenty-four inches long, from Takao.

Family TRICHTURID.E.

126. Trichiurus haumela (Forskal).

Three specimens from Takao, Formosa, eighteen inches to three feet long.
Scales 134 or 135 ; eye in snout 2.5 in smaller, 2.7 in larger specimen ; whip of tail
less slender and elongate than in specimens of T. japonicus from China.

127. Trichiurus japonicus Temminck & Schlegel.
Hokoto (Jordan & Evermann).

Family LEIOGNATHIRE.

128. Leigonathus caballus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
(Native name Go yan.)

Five specimens from Takao, five to nine inches long.

129. Leiognathus splendens (Cuvier).

Three specimens from Takao, one to two inches long.
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

130. Leiognathus rivulatum (Temminck & Schlegel).
Twelve specimens from Takao, two to three inches long.

131. Leiognathus edentulum (Bloch).

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann). (Probably the same as L. caballus.)

JORDAN AND RICHARDSON : FISHES OF THE ISLAND OF FORMOSA 181

132. Gazza sequulseformis (Riippell).

Kotosho (Jordan ife Evermann).

133. Equula ruconia (Hamilton-Buchanan).

Three young specimens from Takao, one to one and one-half inches long.
Somewhat slimmer than K. ruconia of larger size from the Philippines.

Family STROMATEID/E.

134. Psenopsis anomala (Temminck & Schlegel).

One specimen three inches long from Takao.

Family PEMPHERIDJ-:.

135. Pempheris nyctereutes Jordan & Evermann.
Hokoto (Jordan & Evermann).

Fig. 12. Pempheris nyciereules J. & E. (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. 8. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 340.)

Family APOGONICHTHYID.E.

136. Amia quadrifasciata (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Four specimens, two and one half inches long, from Takao. Amia elizabethse
Jordan & Seale (Proceedings Davenport Academy of Sciences, Vol. X, p. 9, PI. IV,
1905) is very close to this species, but the lower stripe is fainter and the body deeper-

137. Apogonichthys fo (Jordan & Seale).

Two specimens, two inches long, from Takao.

138. Archamia macropteroides (Bleeker).

Six specimens, two to two and three quarters of an inch long, from Takao.

139. Archamia notata (Day).1 (Plate LXIX.)

1 Not Apogon notatm Jordan & Snyder = Sparus notnlus Houttuyn which is a valid Amia.

182 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Head 2.5 in length ; depth 2.75 to 2.9 ; eye 3 in head, 8.5 to 9 in length to
hase caudal ; snout 4.7 to 4.9 in head; interorbital 4.2; dorsal VI-I, 9 ; anal II,
16 or 17; scales 3-25-5.

Body noticeably more elongate anil thinner than in Archamia macroptems2
(Bleeker) ; depth of caudal peduncle 2.3 in head ; profile straight to a point over
front of eye, the tip of the snout a very little upturned ; mouth large, upturned ;
maxillary 2.2 in head; maxillary extending to nearly under middle of eye ; upper
lip on level with middle of eye ; tip of lower jaw slightly projecting when mouth is
closed ; minute villiform teeth in jaws and on vomer and palatines ; no canines ; 16
gill-rakers on lower limb of outer arch, longer than the corresponding filaments, the
longest about 2 in eye ; preopercle finely denticulated about angle on both hinder
and lower margin ; operculum with a thin flat point, even with middle of eye,
and a little above it a second less prominent point ; scales ctenoid ; lateral line
apparently complete (some scales missing in all specimens) ; cheeks scaled ; origin
of spinous dorsal half-way between axil of soft dorsal and front of eye ; longest
dorsal spine 2.7 in head, first dorsal spine § second ; origin of anal a little in front
of that of soft dorsal ; ventrals 1.8 in head, their origin slightly in front of base of
pectorals; pectorals 1.4 ; caudal weakly emarginate.

Color in spirits light straw, rather sparsely and faintly punctulated above on
head and body ; lower parts of sides and belly nearly plain ; a small but very dis-
tinct blotch at base of caudal, its diameter less than one-half that of pupil ; tip of
lower jaw dusky ; dorsals, caudal, and anal tinged with dusky ; no fin with dark
tip or edge ; no spot on shoulder.

Described from six specimens from Takao, two to two and one-half inches long.

This species seems to be well distinguished from Archamia macropteroides by its
slenderer form, smaller eye, different coloration, fewer punctulations tending to
form no pattern, and the prominent but very small caudal spot. The first
dorsal spine is little shorter than the second, which is also the case in Archamia
bleekeri Gunther (= Apogon macrojrterus Bleeker, not Kuhl & Van Hasselt). In
Archamia macropteroides the first spine is scarcely more than half the length of the
second. In Archamia bleekeri there is a distinct black blotch on the shoulder, as
well as at base of caudal. In Archamia macropteroides the caudal spot is much less
distinct, and the shoulder spot indistinct or absent. Archamia fucata (Cantor)
has a smaller mouth and most of the other nominal species have fewer rays in the
anal fin.

2The specimen from Samoa called Archamia lineolala by Jordan & Seale should probably stand as Archamia
macropteroides. Archamia lineolala from the Red Sea with fourteen soft rays in the anal and with twelve dark cross
streaks must be different and also distinct from the present species.

JORDAN AND RICHARDSON: FISHES OF TIIF, ISLAND OF FORMOSA 183

Family KUHLIIDiE.

140. Kuhlia marginata (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Family SERRANID^.

141. Psammoperca waigiensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

142. Lateolabrax japonicus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Keerun ; Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

143. Epinephelus tauvina (Forskal).
(Native name Loh irah.)

Nine specimens from Takao, three to eight inches long. Dorsal XI, fourteen
or fifteen ; teeth in sides of lower jaw in two rows.
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

144. Epinephelus moara (Temminck & Schlegel).

A single large specimen, twenty-three inches long, from Takao.

145. Epinephelus chlorostigma (Cavier & Valenciennes).

One large specimen, eighteen inches long, from Takao. It does not appear to
differ from Japanese examples.

Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

146. Epinephelus awoara (Temminck & Schlegel).

Two specimens, one eight and one half inches, the other fifteen inches long, from
Takao. Mr. Sauter states that the color in life is " light brown, with the under
parts suffused with yellow ; fins grey, vvith yellow borders." The specimens in
spirits show five indistinct broad cross-bands, and the large one has traces of pale
spots on the head and the lower anterior part of the sides. A full description, with
figure is reserved for publication in a paper in preparation on the serranoid fishes of
Japan.

147. Epinephelus fuscoguttatus (Forskal).
Formosa (Jordan ct Evermann).

148. Epinephelus epistictus (Temminck & Schlegel).
Giran ; Formosa (Jordan cfc Evermann).

149. Epinephelus diacanthus (Cuvier &, Valenciennes).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

150. Epinephelus hcedti (Bleeker).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

184 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

151. Promicrops lanceolata (Block).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Family LUTIANID.E.

152. Lutianus argentimaculatus (Forskal).
(Native name Any tsoli.)

One specimen from Takao, ten and one-half inches long. Keernn (Jordan &
Evermann).

153. Lutianus fuscescens (Cuvier & Valenciennes) = Mesoprion hoteen Richardson.
Five specimens, three to five inches long, from Takao. Specimens from Keerun,

called Lutianus f/tlviflamma by Jordan & Evermann, probably belong to this species.

154. Lutianus quinquelineatus (Bloch)?

Four small specimens, two inches long, from Takao.

155. Lutianus fulviflamma (Forskal).
(Native names Chan tsi ah ; Ghiochi.)

Three specimens from Takao, two and one-half to four inches long, agreeing
perfectly with the ones obtained by Mr- McGregor at Cuyo, Philippine Islands, and
recorded by Jordan & Richardson as Lutianus russeUi.

156. Lutianus annularis (< 'uvier & Valenciennes).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

157. Lutianus kasmira (Forskal).

One specimen, three inches long, from Takao.

158. Lutianus vitta (Quoy & Gaimard).
(Native name Si Kong.)

Two specimens, eight inches long, from Takao. Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

159. Lutianus lineolatus (Ruppell).

A specimen from Takao, seven and one-half inches long, is referred with some
doubt to this species. It bears a general resemblance to L. vitta, but is well distin-
guished from that species by its slenderer body, larger eye, and longer pectoral.
Depth 3.1 ; eye 3.2 ; pectoral nearly equal to head ; a faint dusky stripe, less than
width of pupil, from middle of eye to base of caudal, and three or four narrower
and fainter ones below it ; the posterior nostril is notably small, being more roundish
and less slit-like than in most species of Lutianus.

160. Lutianus rivulatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Two specimens, two and one-half to three inches long, from Takao.
101. Lutianus erythropterus Bloch.
(Native name Llai ling.)

.IORDAN AND RICHARDSON : FISHEfi OF IHB ISLAND OF FORMOSA

Four specimens, four to eight inches long, from Takao.
1G2. G-laucosoma burgeri Richardson.
Two large specimens from Takao.
Keerun (Jordan <fc Evermann).

1 85

Fig. 13. Glaucosoma burgeri Richardson. (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 342.)

163. Platyinius sparus (Temminck & Schlegel).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Fig. 14. Platginiua spams (Tern. & Schleg.). (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 344.)

164. Dentex hypselosomus Bleeker. (For figure see p. 186.)
(Native name Ga hth.)

Three specimens, nine inches long, from Takao.
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann.)

165. Nemipterus ovenii (Bleeker).
(Native name Ang Mi.)

186

MKM0IRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Five specimens from Takao, seven to eight and one half inches long.
166. Nemipterus virgatus (Houttuyn).

Keerun (Jordan & Ever man n

Fig. 15. Dentex hypselosomus Bleeker. (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 3-15.)

167. Nemipterus matsubarse Jordan & Evermann.
Giran (Jordan & Evermann).

Fig. 16. Nemipterus mutsubarm J. & E. (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 347.)

168. Nemipterus jap onicus (Bloch) = Synagris japonicus of Day, not of Giinther.
A specimen, eleven and one half inches long, from Takao, agrees fairly well
with Day's description and figure, but the serrature of the preopercular edge is very
faint, and the dorsal rays are only eight in number. Day examined Bloch's type
in Berlin.

JORDAN AND RICHARDSON I FISHES Oh' THE ISLAND OK FORMOSA

Family H.EMULIDiE.

169. Terapon theraps (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

170. Terapon cancellatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Kotosho (Jordan & Evermann).

171. Terapon quadrilineatus (Bloch).

Two specimens, one and one half to three inches long, from Takao.
Giran ; Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

172. Terapon jarbua(Forskal).

Two specimens, eight inches long, from Takao.
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

173. Terapon sexlineatus (Quoy & Gaimard).
One specimen, five inches long, from Takao.

174. Plectorhynchus ocyurus Jordan & Evermann.
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

187

***'

<^-«ta-*--l \ v

Fig. 17. Plectorhynchus ocyurus J. & E. (After Jordan & Evermann, Proo. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 348.)

175. Plectorhynchus radjaban (LacepMe).

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

176. Plectorhynchus pcecilopterus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Keerun ; Giran (Jordan & Evermann).

177. Pomadasis hasta (Bloch).

One specimen, eleven inches long, from Takao.
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

178. Pomadasis maculatus (Bloch).

Three specimens, eight inches long, from Takao.
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

188 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

179. Scolopsis vosmeri (Bloch).

One specimen, four and one-half inches long, from Takao.
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

180. Scolopsis monogramma (Kuhl & Van Hasselt).
Giran ; Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

181. Scolopsis eriomma sp. nov. (Plate LXX.)

Head 3.4 ; depth 2.6 ; width 2.4 in depth ; eye 2.9 ; snout 1.3 in eye ; maxil-
lary 2.75 in head ; interorbital space equal to eye ; dorsal X, 9 ; anal III, 7 ; scales
3-48-12. Body oblong, compressed, dorsal and ventral outlines about equally
arched ; head short, muzzle rather rounded than pointed ; mouth moderate, oblique,
lower jaw slightly projecting; back of maxillary under front of pupil ; teeth in
jaws fine, villiform, in broad bands, a few of the outer ones slightly enlarged as
very weak canines; vomer, palatines, and tongue without teeth ; eye very large, its
diameter one-third greater than length of snout ; posterior limb of preopercle very
finely but distinctly serrate ; opercle with a short but strong and sharp spine ; depth
of infraorbital over back of maxillary less than one-third of eye, its lower hinder
edge with several small serratures, the upper one of which is strongest ;, nostrils
moderate, subequal ; gill-rakers eleven on lower limb of outer arch, their length
about half that of the corresponding filaments ; the larger rakers terminating
in a flatfish, disk-like expansion, which is fringed. Scales very large, ctenoid ;
cheeks with three rows behind eye, four below it ; lateral line complete, arched,
about parallel with back ; pores thirt}r-five. Dorsal fins continuous, the spines strong
and stiff, the longest [(fourth or fifth) 2.25 in head; origin of dorsal over base of
pectoral ; insertion of anal slightly in front of second soft ray of dorsal ; caudal
moderately forked, the lobes subequal ; pectoral nearly as long as head, pointed,
reaching past tips of ventrals and nearly to vent ; ventrals 1.4 in head.

Color in alcohol light straw, tinged with pinkish along middle of side ; belly
whitish; no black markings on body or fins. (The color in life was probably
reddish.)

Described from three specimens from Takao, in excellent condition, eight to
nine inches long. Vernacular name said by Mr. Sauter to be Dai Itii or Hal tat.

182. Caesio chrysozona (Kuhl & Van Hasselt).
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

183. Csesio bile Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

184. Anoplus banjos (Bleeker).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

JORDAN AND RICHARDSON : FISHES OF THE ISLAND OF FORMOSA 189

Family SPARID/E.

185. Lethrinus amboinensis Bleeker.
(Native name Leng tsian.)

Six specimens, three to six inches long, from Takao.

Depth 2.6 ; head 2.8; snout 1^ times eye; teeth conical. The cross-bars on
body show plainly in the specimens, and the ventrals are barred, not plain, or with
diffuse dusky, as in many species of Lethrinus. The specimens from the Lung col-
lection recorded by Jordan & Seale as Lethrinus amboinensis have the ventrals plain,
and are probably a different species.

186. Lethrinus leutjanus (Bloch).
Giran (Jordan & Evermann).

187. Lethrinus richardsoni Giinther.
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

188. Lethrinus insulindicus Bleeker.

We provisionally refer a specimen eleven inches long from Takao to this
species. The depth is 2.6; nose 2h times eye. There are traces of dark cross-bars
on the upper portion of the sides and a suggestion of a dusky blotch under the
lateral line forward ; ventrals plain. A color note by Mr. Sauter states that in life
the " general color was light greenish-brown, whitish beneath; iris yellow; oper-
cular flap and base of pectoral crimson ; caudal dusky, suffused with red ; hind part
of dorsal red ; membranes of anal reddish at border." This description agrees well
with the coloring in Bleeker' s plate.

189. Pagrus major (Temminck & Schlegel).
(Native name Ga la hii.)

One specimen, eleven inches long, from Takao.
Formosa (Jordan ct Evermann).

190. Pagrus cardinalis (Temminck & Schlegel).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

191. Argyrops longifilis (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
(Native name Poa'n.)

Two specimens from Takao, seven and one-half inches long.
Kotosho (Jordan & Evermann).

192. Sparus berda Forskal.
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

193. Sparus latus ilouttuyn.
Giran (Jordan A Evermann).

194. Sparus longispinus (Temminck & Schlegel).
(Native name Ang he.)

190 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

A fine specimen from Takao, twelve inches long, agrees in all essential respects
with the original description and figure by Temminck & Schlegel of the type from
Japan.

Family KYPHOSID.E.

195. Girella mezina Jordan & Starks.

One example, eleven and one-half inches long, in good color, was received from
Takao. It is very dark in color, the pale cross-bar shown in the original type being
entirely obliterated. Apparently this marking, like the white spot on the back of
the related California species, Girella nigricans, is a character of youth. The
Crenidens leoninus of Richardson from ( Janton after a figure of Reeves ma}- be this
species, or it may be the Japanese species called Crenidens melanichthys by Richard-
son and Girella leonina by Jordan & Starks (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 1907, p. 497).
In view of this uncertainty, until we know which species occur at Canton, we may
use the name Girella melanichihys for this species, which is the .Melanichihys of Tem-
minck it Schlegel. There are thus three species of Girella in the waters of southern
Japan and Formosa. These are, Girella punctata Gray, Girella melanichihys Richard-
son (= Melanich.th.ys Schlegel = Girella leonina Jordan & Starks, perhaps not Creni-
dens leoninus Richardson) and Girella mezina Jordan & Starks (perhaps = Crenidens
leoninus Richardson). Temminck & Schlegel describe and figure the opercle in
Melanichihys as scaled throughout, which is not the case. The figure shows the
more oblong form and general profile of the fish we call here Girella melanichthys.

The type of Girella punctata came also from Canton. The description of Dr.
Giinther (Cat. I, p. 427) evidently includes Girella melanichthys as well as Girella
punctata.

Family GERRID.E.

196. Xystaema punctatum ( Ouvier & Valenciennes).

Three specimens from Takao, four to seven inches long. Of fifteen specimens
examined from the Philippines and Formosa none had more than seven anal rays.
This is the Xystsema punctatum of Jordan & Seale and probably also the original
Gerres punctatus of Cuvier & Valenciennes.

Kotosho (Jordan & Evermann).

197. Xystsema abbreviatum (Bleeker).
(Native name O-ke.)

One specimen from Takao, four inches long. The anal has eight rays, though
two young specimens from Cavite have only seven. These were not distinguished
from X. punctatum by Jordan & Seale. This is, however, a shorter, deeper-bodied

JORDAN AND RICHARDSON [ FISHES OF THE ISLAND OF FORMOSA 191

fish than X. punctatum (filamentosum), has thicker and less flexible, dorsals pines,
and has a dark spot on each scale above the lateral line, and four or five less dis-
tinct rows of such spots below it.

Family SCEENID/E.

198. Pseudotolithus brunneolus sp. nov. (Plate LXXT.)
(Native name Ga bang fie.)

Head 3.40 ; depth 4 ; eye 4 in head ; nose 4 ; maxillary 2.2 ; interorbital 4 ;
dorsal X, 30-31 ; anal II, 7-8; scales 8-56-13. Body moderately elongate, com-
pressed ; head bluntly pointed ; mouth large, oblique ; jaws equal ; maxillary reach-
ing slightly past the middle of the orbit; interorbital space slightly convex, nearly
flat; opercle with a weak flat spine ; upper and lower limb of preopercle each with
a few small and weak denticles; gill-rakers on lower limb of outer arch twelve,
counting rudiments, the longest equal in length to the corresponding filaments, less
than one-half eye ; teeth of upper jaw in two series, the outer consisting of a single
row, strong, recurved, and canine-like ; the inner villiform teeth presenting the appear-
ance of a band in the posterior half of the jaw, but forming a single or nearly single
row anteriorly ; sides of lower jaw with canine-like teeth in a single row ; some
smaller teeth behind the canines at the symphysis. Origin of dorsal slightly be-
hind that of pectorals ; spinous and soft dorsals connected by a low membrane ;
third dorsal spine longest, 2.G in head ; anal spines weak, the second spine half the
length of the longest rays; origin of anal under middle of soft dorsal, its base 4.7
in head; ventrals 1.5 in head; pectorals 1.2; caudal rhomboidal, 1.4 in head.
Entire body and head scaled, except maxillary and lower jaw ; lateral line com-
plete, extending to end of caudal, the pores branched, 54 to 50 in number to base
of caudal.

Color in spirits brownish above ; paler (silvery), more or less densely punctu-
lated with dusky on belly, breast, and lower parts of head and under jaws ; a large
diffuse dark blotch on opercle; spinous dorsal dusky, darkest on outer two-thirds;
soft dorsal dusky, somewhat darker along margin; anterior part of anal brown-
specked ; posterior half of pectorals dusky ; ventrals plain.

Described from three specimens, eight inches long, from Takao. We refer this
species to the genus Pseudotolithus Bleeker, as a provisional matter. It is not clear
that this genus differs from Pseudoscisena and it has much in common with Odon-
torcion and with Corvula.

199. Corvula argentata Houttuyn.
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

192 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Family SILLAGINID.E.

200. Sillago sihama (Forskal ).

Eight specimens from Takao, three to six inches long.
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

201. Sillago seolus Jordan & Evermann.
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

Fig. 18. Sillago xolus J. & E. (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc. D. S. N. M , Vol. 25, p. 3G0.)

Family PENTACEROTIDjE.1

202. Histiopterus typus Temminck & Schlegel.
One specimen, Takao, twelve inches long.

Family PRIACANTHIDiE.

203. Priacanthus tayenus Richardson.
(Native name Giam hong.)

Three specimens, ten inches long, from Takao, two males and one female. The
female lacks the dorsal and upper caudal filament and the conspicuous hlack spots
on the inside of the pectoral.

Family LATILID.E.

204. Latilus japonicus (Houttuyn).

Three specimens from Takao, ten to thirteen inches long.
Giran (Jordan ct Evermann).

Family MULLIP.E.

205. Upeneus indicus (Shaw).
(Native name Hui tai.)

1 The name Pentaceros Cuvier & Valenciennes is apparently not preoccupied, as recently supposed by Jordan,
Proc. U. S. M., XXXII, 1907, p. 238. The first use of the name Pentaceros for a starfish by Schultze, 1760, is non-
binomial, according to Dr. Walter K. Fisher.

JORDAN AND RICHARDSON : FISHES OF THE ISLAND OK FORMOSA

193

Eight specimens from Takao, three to ten inches long.
Keerun ; ( Jiran (Jordan & Evermann).

206. Upeneus ischyrus Snyder.

One large specimen from Takao, ten inches long.

207. Upeneus cyclostomus Lac6pede.
{Upeneus luteus Cuvier & Valenciennes.)
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

208. Upeneoides bensasi (Temminck & Schlegel).

Three young specimens from Takao, three inches in length.
Keerun ; Kotosho (Jordan &, Evermann).

209. Upeneoides tragulus (Richardson).
(Native name Hoe sm.)

Seven specimens from Takao, four to ten inches long.
Giran ; Keerun ; Hokoto (Jordan & Evermann).

210. Upeneoides vittatus (Forskal).
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

Family OPHICEPHALID/E.

211. Ophicephalus tadianus Jordan & Evermann.
(Native name Lochii.)

Fig. 19. Ophicephalus tadituui* J. & E. (After Jordan & Evermann, Proo. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 331.)

Eight large specimens, eight to fifteen inches long, from Takao. This species
is allied to 0. polylepis from Sumatra, as noted by Dr. Steindachner, but has a much
larger mouth.

212. Ophicephalus maculatus LacSpdde.
Giran (Jordan & Evermann).

213. Channa formosana Jordan & Evermann.
Suwata (Jordan it Evermann).

194 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Fia 23. Channa formowui J. & E. (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 332.

Family ( !HEILODACTYLIDjE.

214. Goniistius zonatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
One specimen from Takao, twelve inches long.

Family SCORP/EN1D/E.

215. Sebastapistes tristis (Klunzinger).

(Native name Ho hii.)

Seven small specimens from Takao, two and one-half inches long.

Family PLATYCEPHALID./E.

216. Platycephalus indicus (Gmelin).

One specimen from Takao, fourteen inches long.

217. Thysanophrys scaber (Linnaeus).
Takao, one specimen five inches long.

218. Thysanophrys japonicus (Tilesius).
(? SUurus inermis Houttuyn.)
(Native name Gu bo.)

One specimen from Takao, seven inches long.

Family POMACENTRID.E.

219. Abudefduf saxatilis (Linnseus).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

220. Abudefduf sordidus ( Forskal).
Kotosho (Jordan & Evermann).

Family LABRID/E.

221. Choirodon azurio (Jordan & Snyder).
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

JORDAN AND RICHARDSON: PISHES OF TDK ISLAND OF FORMOSA

195

222. Choirodon nyctemblema (Jordan & Evermann)
Formosa (Jordan ct Evermann).

^%mi ft? > * f '•*:-■ ■»•.>•-*

Fig. 21. Choirodon nyrtemblema J. & E. (After Jordau & Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 353.)

223. Duymseria flagellifera (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

224. Anampses cseruleopunctatus (Ruppell).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

225. Halichceres dussumieri (Cuvier & Valenciennes) = Halichceres nigrescens
Bleeker.

One specimen, Takao, three and one-half inches long.

226. Hemipteronotus verrens Jordan & Evermann.
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

Flo. 22. Hemipteronotus verrens J. & E. (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 355.)

196 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

227. Hemipteronotus pentadactylus (Linnaeus).
Nine specimens from Takao, five to six inches long.

228. Hemipteronotus evides sp. nov. (Plate LXXII.)

Head 3.25 in length ; depth 2.6 ; eye 4.7 in head ; snout 3 ; interorbital equal
to eye; dorsal II-VII, 12; anal III, 12; scales 3-28-8. Body short, deep, much
compressed, the greatest width 3f in greatest depth ; head short and deep, the
anterior profile nearly vertical ; a depression over eye ; eye high, nearly half of
length of head above angle of mouth ; mouth rather small, nearly horizontal, max-
illary not reaching front of eye, 3 in head ; teeth in jaws small, sharp, close set in
a single row ; two outwardly-directed recurved canines at front of each jaw. Scales
thin ; cheeks with smaller scales, in four or five rows ; rest of head naked ; lateral
line high, continuous to near end of dorsal, where it breaks, to be continued on the
third scale row below. Dorsal inserted over back of eye, the first two spines sepa-
rated from the others by a deep notch, but not detached ; length of second spine 2.4
in head ; origin of anal under second ray of soft dorsal ; caudal rounded ; pectoral
1.3 in head, its free margin nearly straight ; ventral with outer ray produced, reach-
ing past front of anal.

Color in spirits dull greenish-olive ; under posterior third of spinous dorsal an
obliquish blotch of black surrounded by pale, the black covering most of three
scales ; dorsals and caudal with many small pale specks on a dusky ground ; anal
obliquely barred with dusky ; ventrals plain ; pectorals dusky.

Described from two specimens from Takao, four and five inches long.

229. Cheilio inermis (Forskal).

Three examples from Takao, seven inches long.
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Family SCARICHTHYID^E.

230. Scarichthys auritus (Kuhl & Van Hasselt).
One specimen from Takao, seven inches long.

231. Calotomus waigiensis (Quoy & Gaimard).
(Callyodon spinidens Cuvier & Valenciennes.)

Four specimens from Takao, three and one-half to four inches long.

232. Callyodon dussumieri (Cuvier & Valenciennes). (Plate LXXII1.)
(Native name Eng kochu.)

A fine specimen twelve inches long from Takao, agreeing with Bleeker's figure
and description of Pseudoscarus dussumieri, but with the right canine rather small
and the left wanting. Valenciennes states that Scarus dussiimieri has no canines at
the angle of the jaws, but the description is based merely on a drawing.

JORDAN AND RICHARDSON \ FISHKS OF THE ISLAND OF FORMOSA 197

233. Callyodon lacerta (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Formosa (Jordan <fc Evermann).

Family SCATOPHAGIDjE.

234. Scatophagus argus (Gmelin).

One specimen from Takao, seven inches long.
Suwata and Giran (Jordan & Evermann).

Family EPHIPPIDiE.

235. Ephippus orbis (Bloch).

Three specimens from Takao, six inches long.

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

The genus Ephippus of Cuvier includes argus and orbis, the former in the text,
the latter in o footnote. The first restriction of the genus, that of ( 'uvier & Valen-
ciennes, makes orbis the type of Ephippus. We have therefore so regarded it, in
spite of the fact that it was not named in the text of the account of Ephippus, hut
only in a footnote. This view may be open to question.

Family PLATACIDJv

236. Platax teira (Forskal).

One specimen from Takao.
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Family CHvETODONTIICE.

237. Chsetodon reticulatus Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

238. Chaetodon lineolatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Pescadores Islands (Jordan & Evermann).

239. Chsetodon lunula Lacepede.
Kotosho (Jordan & Evermann).

240. Chaetodon citrinellus Cuvier & Valenciennes.
Kotosho (Jordan ct Evermann).

241. Microcanthus Strigatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Family HEPATIDjE.

242. Hepatus triostegus (Linmeus).
Kotosho (Jordan & Evermann).

198 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

243. Hepatus dussumieri (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

244. Hepatus bipunctatus (Gunther).
Kotosho (Jordan & Evermann).

245. Hepatus olivaceus (Block & Schneider).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Fig. 23. Eepatm olivaceus (Bl. & Schneid.). (After Jordan it Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 358.)

Family SIGANID^.

246. Siganus virgatUS (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
(Native name Trau toh.)

Two specimens from Takao, three inches long.

247. Siganus vermiculatus (Kuhl & Van Hasselt).
Suwata (Jordan ife Evermann).

248. Siganus fuscescens (Houttuyn).

Three specimens, three to eight inches long, from Takao.
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

249. Siganus guttatus (Bloch).
(Native name Niu e.)

One example, eight inches long, from Takao. Specimens from southern Negros,
P. I., recorded by Jordan & Seale as Siganus lineatus belong to this species. Others
called Siganus lineatus from the Philippines belong to the next species, whatever
that may prove to be.

250. Siganus lineatus (Cuvier & Valenciennes)?
(Native name Niu e.)

Two small specimens, three inches long, from Takao, are referred with consid-
erable doubt to this species. They are apparently identical with specimens from

JORDAN AND KICHARDSON : FISHES OF THE ISLAND OF FORMOSA 199

Manila and Cuyo, P. I., called Siganus Imeatus by Jordan & Seale and Jordan &
Richardson. (Bull. U. S. Bur. Fish., XXVI, 35, 1907, and XXVII, 271, 1908).
A field note on the Cuyo specimen mentions a " large golden-yellow spot at back
of dorsal," as in Siganus Jincatus, which does not show in spirits. The preserved
specimens all show some small dark spots about the caudal peduncle and on caudal,
dorsal, and anal. None of them show the linear dark markings on the body figured
by Cuvier & Valenciennes. Only a thorough comparison of many specimens, with
perhaps an examination of original types, can show what names these and other
species of Siganus should bear.

FAMILY MONACANTHID/E.

251. Stephanolepis sulcatus (Holland).
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

FAMILY TETRAODONTIP.E.

252. Tetraodon stellatus (Bloch & Schneider).

One large specimen, fourteen inches long, from Takao.

253. Spheroides lunaris (Bloch).
(Native name Gui hii.)

Five specimens from Takao, ten to thirteen inches long.

254. Spheroides ocellatus (Osbeck).
Hokoto (Jordan & Evermann).

255. Spheroides sceleratus (Forster).
Hokoto (Jordan & Evermann).

FAMILY OSTRAOI II )M.

256. Ostracion cornutum (Linnaeus).

(Native name Koh gong.)

One large specimen from Takao, measuring seven inches in length to tip of tail.

Family DIODONTID.E.

257. Diodon holacanthus Linnaeus.
Hokoto (Jordan & Evermann).

Family TRIGLID.E.

258. Lepidotrigla alata (Hputtuyn).

(Lepidotrigla biirgcri Temminck & Schlegel.)
Hokoto (Jordan & Evermann).

200 MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Family CEPHALACANTHID/E.

259. Dactyloptena japonica (Bleeker).
Giran (Jordan & Evermann).

Family GOBIIDtE.

260. Eleotris oxycephala Temminck & Schlegel.

One specimen from Takao, three and one-half inches long.

261. Eleotris fusca (Bloch & Schneider).
Suwata (Jordan & Evermann).

262. Rhinogobius caninus (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Two specimens from Takao, three inches long.

263. Rhinogobius giurinus (Rutter).

Kotosho ; Taihoku (Jordan & Evermann, as Gtenogobius platycephalus).

264. Glossogobius brunneus (Temminck & Schlegel).
Kotosho ; Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

265. Glossogobius abacopus sp. nov. (Plate LXXIV.)

Head to tip of lower jaw, 3 in length ; depth 5.5 ; eye 4 in head ; dorsal VI,
10; anal 10; scales 128-30; snout 3.5 in head; maxillary 2.4; interorbital
space slightly greater than width of pupil. Body elongate, rather depressed in
front, tapering gradually backward to the depressed caudal peduncle ; depth of
caudal peduncle 3.4 in head ; head pointed ; lower jaw projecting width of pupil ;
mouth large, maxillary reaching vertical from back of pupil ; jaws, vomer, and
palatines with rows of fine, sharp-pointed teeth ; tongue deeply notched ; origin of
spinous dorsal nearly an eye-length behind insertion of ventrals, its base 2.4 in
head; base of soft dorsal 1.5 in head ; longest dorsal spine 2.25 ; longest ray 2 in
head ; origin of anal under second ray of soft dorsal, equidistant between base of
caudal and back of eye; pectoral 1.3 in head ; ventrals 1.4 ; depth of membranous
cup of united ventrals f of length of eye ; caudal 1.3 in head, rounded ; a large anal
papilla with notch behind.

Color in spirits brownish-olive, back and caudal peduncle crossed obliquely by
four broad saddle-like bands of darker color ; membranes of dorsals and of anal
chiefly blackish, with some small spot-like intervals of paler on these and on rays;
caudal and ventrals dark barred or checkered ; pectorals lightly specked with dusky,
with darker and denser specks below at base ; under parts unevenly punctulated,
the dots forming indistinct bars on chin and lower jaws ; tip of lower jaw blackish.

This species is near Glossogobius vaisiganis from Samoa, but differs distinctly
in the details of coloration, notably in the sharply checkered ventral fin.

JORDAN AND RICHARDSON : FISHES OF THE ISLAND OF FORMOSA 201

Described from four specimens from Takao, two and one-half inches long.

266. Amblygobius phalsena (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Two specimens from Takao, three inches long.

267. Amblygobius sphinx (Cuvier & Valenciennes).

Three specimens from Takao, three to three and one-half inches long.

268. Oxyurichthus papuensis (Cuvier & Valenciennes).
Two specimens from Takao, three inches long.

269. Oxyurichthus cristatus (Day).

One specimen from Takao, three inches long. Scales 55; dorsal VI, 13 ; anal
14. The specimen seems to differ from specimens of this species from the Philip-
pines in having a slightly larger mouth, and may not be the same.

Family ECHENEID.E.

270. Remora remora (Linnaeus).

Two specimens from Takao, six inches long.

Family PLEURONECTID/E.

271. Psettodes erumei (Bloch).

(Native name Bin hii.)

One fine specimen from Takao, twelve inches long.

272. Pseudorhombus oligodon (Bleeker).

Four specimens from Takao, seven inches long.
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

273. Platophrys myriaster (Temminck <fe Schlegel).
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

274. Scaeops orbicularis (Bleeker).

A very small specimen from Takao, two inches long, is probably this species.

Family SOLEID.E.

275. Liachirus nitidus < iunther.
Giran (Jordan & Evermann).

276. Synaptura orientalis (Bloch and Schneider).
(Synaptura foliacea Richardson.)

Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

277. Usinosita japonica (Temminck ct Schlegel).
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

202

MEMOIRS OK THK CARNEGIE MUSEUM

278. Paraplagusia bilineata (Bloch).
Keerun (Jordan & Evermann).

Fig. 24. Liachirus nUidus Giinther. (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. Iff., Vol. 25, p. 366.)

279. Cynoglossus diplasios Jordan & Evermann.
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

.^^fm/wMm^y^^

^>

v-

sps*

Fig. 25. Cynoglossus diplasios J. & E. (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 367.)

280. Zebrias zebra (Bloch).
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Family CALLIONYM1DJE.

281. Callionymus schaapii Bleeker.

Head 3.2 ; depth 9 ; dorsal IV, 10 ; anal 9. Body moderately elongate, broader
than deep and tapering gradually backward. Head broad, much depressed, its
width two-thirds of its length, its depth 3 in its width ; snout bluntly pointed,
scarcely longer than eye ; eyes close together, 4+ in head ; mouth small, inferior,
the upper jaw projecting, maxillary reaching half way to orbit ; jaws with bands of
villiform teeth ; preopercular spine with four or five strong teeth and sometimes a

JOKDAN AND RICHARDSON : FISHES OF THE ISLAM) OF FORMOSA

203

rudiment directed upward, besides the hook at tip, and a sharp spine projecting
forward from its base ; occipital region weakly rugose ; gill-opening about one-fourth
diameter of eye, about equidistant between back of eye and origin of dorsal.
Spinous dorsal inserted midway between back of eye and origin of soft dorsal ; first
and fourth dorsal spines longest, the first (specimens females) 2\ in head ; height of
soft dorsal at its middle about one-third length of head ; last ray elongated, about
lTf in head ; anal beginning a little behind second ray of soft dorsal; last ray of
anal 2A in head; pectoral 1-y in head, its median rays longest; ventrals reach-
ing past origin of anal ; caudal as long as head, its middle rays not produced ;
caudal peduncle depressed ; lateral line single.

Color in spirits olive, rather heavily punctulated above, the punctulations on
the back of the head and on the back as a rule encircling paler areas, some of which
are more or less confluent ; under parts pale ; spinous and soft dorsals rather faintly
splashed and specked with dusky ; anal Avith a basal and a marginal row of brown
blotches, the basal row smallest ; ventrals dusky, brown-dotted on inner two-thirds ;
upper pectoral rays with dark specks.

Described from two specimens from Takao, two and one-half to three inches
long, probably females.

This species is near and perhaps not different from GaUionymus schaapii Ifleeker
described with dorsal IV-10, anal 10, six processes on preopercular spine, and with
ventrals and anal black-edged. There is no point in which our species clearly
differs from the scanty account given by Bleeker, whose specimen was from Banka.

Family BLENNIID.E.
282. Salarias namiyei Jordan & Evermann.

Hokoto or Pescadores Islands (Jordan & Evermann).

^?X^%^

aMftagfflifiiil; i "•',• ' ..

v^.^.-^j^-njS,"'-*''^ " , fain.

Fig. 26. Salariai namiyei J. & E. (After Jordan & Evermann, Proo. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 362. )

204

MEMOIRS OF THE CARNEGIE MUSEUM

Family CEPOLIDvE.
283. Acanthocepola mesoprion Bleeker.
Giran (Jordan & Evermann).

Fig. 27. Acanthoctpola mesoprion Bleeker. (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 3G3.)

Family AMMODYTIDiE.
284. Embolichthys mitsukurii (Jordan & Evermann).
Giran (Jordan & Evermann, as Bleekeria mitsuhurii).

— r"'^"""'''"-"i,i,,,r '*"""•"

Fig. 28. Embolichthys mitsukurii J. & E. (After Jordan & Evermann, Proc. U. 8. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 334.)

Family BROTULID^E.

285. Brotula multibarbata Temminck & Schlegel.
Two specimens from Takao, fifteen inches long.

286. Brotula formosse Jordan & Evermann.
Formosa (Jordan & Evermann).

Fig. 29. Brotula formostv J. & E. (After Jordan & Evermann, Proo. U. S. N. M., Vol. 25, p. 364.)

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Memoirs Carnegie Museum, Vol. IV.

Plate LXIV.

Raja hollandi Jordan & Richardson. (Type.)

Memoirs Carnegie Museum, Vol. IV.

Plate LXV.

Dasyatis bennetti (Miiller & Henle) (?).

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